CLl-PAST-OBJ
16 tu The latest REFLEXIVE PREFIX Into the ZULU – A TYPOLOGICAL Position Sonja Elizabeth. Bosch In this article I shall read the the fresh root of one’s reflexive prefix inside the Zulu, purchasing extra attention toward procedure for grammaticalization whereby lexemes become grammatical formatives. Since reflexivization in certain Bantu dialects might possibly be opposed, this article are typically in the form of an excellent typological study. When you look at the Lehmann s () dialogue of one’s phenomena which can be known as reflexive, it is fascinating to remember that he assumes four categories of reflexives, specifically 0) autophoric nouns which happen to be typical nouns particularly human anatomy, inhale, spirit, lead one ple, from inside the Sanscrit the brand new noun dtman meaning breathing, heart, along with Basque, the fresh noun burua definition head, are acclimatized to show the same as English self. Autophoric nouns used as reflexives are usually followed closely by a possessive pronoun, as in the next analogy out of Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani fuel:acc place:region putting energy for the themselves (ii) reflexive nouns that are nouns declaring the definition mind and absolutely nothing else, like the German selbst myself and you can Finnish itse because the depicted on the following instances: 344
17 Italian language (2) Ich komme selbst I am upcoming me personally Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-si? want-dos.sg-int ticket-acc.pl thinking-all-poss.2.sg Would you like the latest passes for yourself? From inside the languages including Finnish, Hungarian and you may Turkish reflexive nouns just take possessive affixes, whilst in other languages for example Italian language or perhaps the Romance languages, these nouns are not usually together with possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having the main intent behind it comes back into the topic, such as the German sich for the: Italian language (4) Sie waschen sich He is laundry by themselves (iv) verbal reflexives that are verb affixes showing that the step somehow influences the topic, as with the next advice: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-come across he watched himself Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di son tidy-refl-past the child washed themselves Lehmann () emphasizes the boundaries within classes is liquid and you can says these particular four categories of reflexive points are actually into a size out-of expanding grammaticalization.
This means, it’s possible to pick so it while the good continuum out of change which can feel depicted below: 345
18 Lexical product Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) will bring examples in different languages in order to show the changes which have happened otherwise are nevertheless going on in one class so you can another. The whole process of alter was affirmed of the Faltz () exactly who, regarding their morphological difference in a couple main sorts of reflexives, specifically NP-reflexives that could add an affordable morpheme acting as direct of the reflexive noun terminology, and you may spoken reflexives, including reflexive pronouns that are cliticized on the verb, remarks: Dialects may move from you to rod to the most other, in reality, such as for instance way try necessarily about NP-reflexive rod on the spoken reflexive rod. For the Zulu reflexiveness are know as a beneficial prefix and therefore actually precedes the fresh new verb base. The fresh reflexive prefix was invariable in shape, and thus it is a morphological contour and that stays lingering irrespective of the course to which its antecedent belongs. That is demonstrably illustrated in the pursuing the advice inside Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya new-man he-themselves smack the man hit himself (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the-woman she-herself-get in-mirror The girl sees herself about mirror Throughout these advice -zi- ‘s the reflexive morpheme in addition to measures out of struck to see is actually brought back on the brand new respective grammatical subjects, that is, kid and you may girl. It is interesting you to inside the generative knowledge, a life threatening belief is generated into the underlying build of phrases that has had reflexives, particularly NP1 – V – NP1. On top, instance a homes try ungrammatical throughout the Bantu languages in case your a few NPs is co-referential and the same fit, age.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho duped Sipho In the Zulu such as for example a phrase is established grammatical by the installation off an effective reflexive prefix throughout the verb and the fresh new deletion of your own co-referential noun. e.g. 346